Curriculum Components

Students studying for the Bachelor’s Degree in Dentistry must successfully complete 160 credit hours distributed as follows:

 Course Description

English 1 Composition & Writing

This course is designed to prepare the student for English writing and it will focus on reading and writing as integrally related skills. Students will study and practice reading comprehension, the writing process, and critical thinking. Students will create clear and correct sentences as they develop the skills necessary to write a variety of focused, developed, organized paragraphs and/or short essays. Students will be responsible for writing multiple full-process paragraphs/essays. The course may include a departmental proficiency test or portfolio assessment.

Computer skills:

This course aims to discuss the basic information related to the use of computers in education and the use of educational computer capabilities in the field of education, dealing with basic programs in MS Office software, dealing with digital images and modifying them using computer applications.

English2 Speaking Skills

The course content includes conversations, debates, and presentations on a wide range of concrete, abstract, and specialized topics. It is designed to enhance the speaking and listening skills of non-native English speakers. Emphasis is on pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation patterns of American English. Oral communication, listening comprehension, and vocabulary development are stressed. Students build their skills through instruction and intensive practice

Environmental and environmental education: 

The student studies the concept of environment and ecology, the concept of the environment and the factors of its stability, the relationship between man and the environment, the environmental problem, the concept of environmental education, its foundations, the principles of environmental education and its objectives, the contents of environmental education and its educational requirements, activities in environmental education, and the concepts of population and population science. Population Education and Evaluation in Population Education.

Islamic culture:

The course deals with the concept of Islamic culture, its sources, its characteristics, the universe and man in Islam, the importance of Islamic legislation and its characteristics, legitimate transactions, social solidarity, work and production in Islam, workers' rights and duties. The position of Islam on contemporary natural issues, intellectual currents and the position of Islam.

Turkish language for non-specialists:

The aim of this course is to introduce students to the Turkish language, starting with how to read and pronounce Turkish characters and grammatical and grammatical rules related to this language, and then to listen to and understand the simple Turkish passages and the ability to read, understand and comprehend simple texts related to daily work. From forming a comprehensive idea about it.

Logic and scientific thinking

This course aims to introduce students to the rules of sound scientific thinking and organization of thought (order of results on introductions) and to provide the student with the ability to critique scientific construction based on good mental rules and enable him to know the entrances of imbalance in the limits. This course contains a statement of the reality of logic, , And mental perceptions and sections, and the statement of the five colleges and ratios between the meanings, and the words and sections, and examples, and controls

Self-Management and Medical Psychology: 

In this course, students study how learners benefit by acquiring skills in their public and private lives, the different characteristics that make them receptive and ready to learn from the rest of the advanced age, improving the psychological and social life of students and developing the learner's personal characteristics, such as communication and cooperation with others.

Human civilization:

This course aims to introduce the student to the concept of civilization and its importance, ancient civilizations, modern Islamic and European civilization, and to know the factors of its development and achievements, and the achievements achieved by these civilizations in all political, economic, social and scientific renaissance.

Biostatistics:

The course examines the role of statistics in the field of medicine and the common statistical terminology used in the use of types of variables (data types). In addition, identify the SPSS types of errors and the presentation and description of statistical data and types of statistical charts. It also examines the possibilities and types of common distributions common. Centralization and variance measurements, natural distribution and other types of continuous distributions, and examines statistical data, estimation and hypothesis testing. Coincidence, bias, confusing factors, and Fisher & Chi-squared testing. It also deals with the types of basic health indicators used in medical statistics, the comparison of rates, and the introduction to biotopical studies. In addition, the design of health research and the study of future congestion and study of congestive retrovirus and case study and cross-sectional and cross-sectional study. Moreover, the ethics of medical research and experimental studies.

General Chemistry:

The objective of the general chemistry laboratory course is to become proficient in techniques used by practicing chemist, to carry out experiments safely and carefully in the laboratory, to obtain data accurately and to manipulate the data correctly. This course also complements and consolidates the theoretical knowledge acquired in the general chemistry lecture course.  To provide students with basic skills and laboratory safety rules by which they can be qualified for employment or further study.  To familiarize the student with handling the chemical substances, balances and equipment.

Dental Materials (1):

It describes the physical and mechanical materials of prosthetic prosthetic materials and is mainly known for the following dental materials: gypsum of various kinds, printing materials, toothpaste, dental acryl, metal mixtures, ceramics of all kinds

Microbiology:

The student studies the concept and importance of microbiology and their classification and understanding of the different structures of the microbial cell and methods of feeding and breeding and understanding the processes of pollution and corruption caused by microbes and the definition of algae and fungi and viruses and methods of reproduction and environmental importance and types and benefits and damage

Embryology:

In this course, the student studies the reproductive cycle, the vaccine, the division, the stages of embryonic formation, the disc of the embryo, the derivatives of the embryos, the development of the fetus from the third to the tenth months, the amniotic fluid, the placenta, the development of the central nervous system, the senses, the skeletal and musculoskeletal system.

Genetics:

In this course, the student studies the molecular basis of heredity (cell and its components - organic compounds - DNA - the holder of genetic information) and the cellular bases of heredity (cell life cycle - - cellular implantation) and hereditary genetics (genotype and genotype - Marriage of relatives - quantitative differences in genetic traits - natural distribution and multi-gene threshold model - human gene distribution), chromosomes, chromosomal abnormalities, genetic engineering and applications of genetic engineering in medicine.

Biology (Cytology):

Students will understand the structures and purposes of basic components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, especially macromolecules, membrane, how these cellular components are used to generate and utilize energy in cells, how different substances transport through the cell membrane including passive and active transport, the cell cycle and its regulation, the biosynthesis of protein from gene, cell communications and types of membrane receptors.

Oral physiology:

This course includes introduction and definition of oral physiology and then study the physiological mechanisms governing oral sensations, pain mechanisms, taste physiology and salivation, physiology of oral reflexes, and motor functions of the chewing apparatus.

Internal diseases:

The course aims to provide the student with the most important diseases affecting the digestive system and the relationship of these diseases to diseases of the mouth and teeth and methods of diagnosis and treatment and the necessary drugs

General biochemistry:

In this course, the student studies some of the concepts of human biochemistry, cell morphology, chemistry of the main components of the cell, the dynamic state of metabolism, the properties and form of proteins, amulets, hemoglobin structure and changes, bioenergy, biological oxidation, transport through cellular membranes, genetic material,

Oral diseases:

Teaching the student the methods of taking the pathological story and access to the diagnosis and proficiency in the diagnosis of induction in addition to the diagnosis of the following diseases of the mucous membranes and bone lesions and diseases of the temporal joint and developmental defects in addition to the possible causative factors of oral cancer.

Ear, nose, throat and eye diseases:

The course deals with the study of diseases affecting the ear and its relationship with oral cavity, nose and throat diseases, respiratory tracts, eye diseases, lacrimal ducts and ducts entering the mouth and studying the mutual effect between them.

And between diseases of the oral cavity and teeth in different stages of life

Biology:

In this course, students study microscopes, their applications, the study of living cells, the chemical structure of the cell, the structure of the cell, its forms, the cell membrane, the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic network, the Golgi apparatus, the nuclear membrane, the nucleus and the coronal particles.

Health Management:

This course focuses on the various health services available in the community and how to make full use of them by focusing on the factors that affect the individual, the family and society, the services provided to them and the study of health problems in different societies.

Dental equipment and maintenance:

In this course, the student studies the most important medical, radiological, laboratory, diagnostic and service facilities in terms of design, working mechanism and maintenance in theory. The students are also trained through specialized laboratories. And teaching the student the possibility of maintenance of all medical equipment, whether laboratory, ray, survey, therapeutic, dental, service, compensatory.

Public Health:

The course deals with the chemistry of essential substances such as vitamins, minerals, carbohydrate and water, and the effect of these substances on the human body. The course also deals with the basic nutrients in normal cases and in different cases and the importance of healthy nutrition in maintaining the health of the individual.

                                                                                    Medical Physics:

The course aims at introducing students to the basic principles of general physics, focusing on the basic laws and the general theories and techniques usually found in the books of medical physics and biophysics, helping the student to understand the laws and theories with practical applications and to show their interconnection

Medical Ethics and Laws:

The course aims at providing students with the necessary knowledge and attitudes to provide quality in nursing care, ethical principles and use of appropriate ethics in decision-making to solve problems in an ethical manner.

Basics of Medicine and Surgery:

The course aims to provide the students with the necessary information to qualify for the medical field in terms of introduction to medicine, the basics of medical professional work and the basics of surgical operations. The course deals with the introduction of oral surgery and the relationship of each of these surgical procedures

Medical Botany:

In this course, the student studies the definition of medicinal plants and their importance, and the most important problems facing the production of medicinal and aromatic plants, their classification and the medicinal use of these plants. In addition to the study of geographical origin and study of its basic morphological characteristics and knowledge of the section used and focus on the bio-synthesis of the active ingredients used pharmacologically. Exploring the importance of medicinal plants as a primary source of safe drugs, based on the study of the most important active ingredients in both form and function. It also deepens the student's knowledge of folk medicine

first aids:

This course aims to teach students basic principles in the ambulance, and the initial measures to be taken by the paramedic in the event of an incident requiring rapid intervention, known as clinical signs that indicate the patient's condition and helps to know the appropriate measures for his emergency.

Health Nutrition

The course deals with the chemistry of essential substances such as vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, water, and the effect of these substances on the human body. The course also addresses the essential nutrients in normal and in different cases and shows the importance of proper nutrition in maintaining the health of the individual.

Dental laboratories:

The aim of this course is to provide the student with basic information about the dental laboratories and dental equipment in the clinic and laboratory, and the function of each device and the mechanism and methods of maintenance and maintenance

Child and family health

In this course, students are introduced to the basic information to provide nursing care in the field of community health, from discovering the effects of community health to finding appropriate solutions. The role of the health nurse's responsibility in providing primary, secondary and advanced health care in coordination with the rest of the health team is also discussed. Discuss methods of communication, guidance and health education for children and families, as well as discuss the most important health problems in society.

Immunology:

This course will introduce the student to the underlying principles of immunology. Its primary emphasis will be on the cellular and non-cellular components of the human immune system and the ways in which these components interact to provide immunity. Upon completion of this course students will be expected to  Describe the major divisions of the immune system , Describe humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity , Compare and contrast innate and acquired immunity , Discuss the role of immune cells , Discuss the immune response to specific pathogen

Communication skills:

Defining the concept of self, enabling the student to understand and self-knowledge, during this course student will study the fundamentals and theories of communication and the factors influencing the effectiveness of communication. In addition, how to develop communication skills of all types and focuses on the interaction of the individual with the group and the interaction of the individual to the environment.

General and skin diseases:

In this course, the student studies the approach to dermatology (anatomy, physiology, examination and diagnosis), skin diseases caused by germs, viruses, parasites, sexually transmitted diseases, skin allergies, connective tissue diseases, skin disorders caused by glands, pigmentation disorders, hair diseases, nails, mucous membranes, Lymphoma and skin manifestations of some systemic diseases and topical and physical treatment.

Infectious Control:

In this course, the student will study the importance and basis of infection control in dentistry, microbiology, infection control and diseases of interest to the dental and blood transfusion team (viral hepatitis and HIV), airborne diseases such as diarrhea, waterborne diseases and personal protective equipment Instrument processing, sterilization of the instrument, steam sterilization and sterile techniques (disposal, personal hygiene and control of work practice)

Scientific Research:

The course aims to introduce students to the principles and fundamentals of scientific research, to give them the ability to think scientifically, to develop scientific problems, to be able to identify them and to think in the appropriate way to address them and study them.

Pediatric Dentistry:

This course aims to introduce students to the behavioral measures of the child in the dental clinic psychologically and medically, and also to know the difference between temporary and permanent teeth and the problems of these teeth and supporting structures and how to diagnose and manage what are the methods of prevention and maintenance of teeth

Also known as traumatic lesions

And teaching students methods of anesthesia in children and provide information on children with special needs and how to deal with them in the clinic

Anatomy, drawing and carving of teeth:

This course introduces the student of the Faculty of Dentistry to the basic concepts related to the anatomy of the oral cavity and teeth and its importance and the period of mixed teeth, as well as the forms and prescriptions of each permanent age and to enable the student to perform painting and sculpture for each age

Fixed dental prostheses ( 1 ):

This course aims to introduce students to form an idea of the general principles of fixed compensation and the stages related to the clinical application of these compensations, whether the clinical stages (preparation of the teeth and the edition) or the laboratory stages (waxing, Mineral and porcelain.

Removable prosthodontics ( 1 ):

This course aims to introduce the students to the stages of serialization in the manufacture of full compensatory devices and to follow the different methods and steps serialized in the theoretical work through theoretical lectures and then apply this practical in the laboratory of dental prostheses in the Faculty of Dentistry, where the student learns to diagnose any case correctly Each student, under supervision, follows the correct steps to make the complete denture:

Anatomy and Histology:

The definition of the anatomy of the human body and general anatomy, the structure of all tissues, which are a complete system of work, the focus on the anatomy of the surface and the systemic and on the cell and the basic tissues of the human body and its functions, and the anatomical and structural anatomy of the tissues and how to perform their different functions

Fixed prostheses (2):

This course aims to:

To create an idea of ​​the foreign terms of fixed dental compensation science,

This course is given in English to become a comprehensive idea of ​​all the terms of fixed compensation science.

In this course, the principles of dental preparation, bridge mechanics, bridge components (dummies, stabilizers and joints), stray applicability and partial stabilizers, as well as other stages of fixed compensation such as prints and clinical experiment of final compensation and adhesion

Removable prosthodontics 2:

The course aims to introduce students to the serial stages in the manufacture of partial compensatory prostheses and to follow the different methods in their industry. The student decides to develop the correct diagnosis of the condition and follows the correct procedures in making the device from the oral and external examination of the patient and the initial and final edition, The preparation of the teeth lost, whether in the upper jaw or lower and finally cook and finish the device and then delivered

Micro surgery:

In this course, the student will be acquainted with pain relief, closed-chest under-watering, ejaculation, amputation, tracheotomy, head trauma, bandages, injection methods, central venous catheterization, patient approach (clinical examination, story and examination of devices), nutrition (assessment of nutritional status, intravenous feeding and feeding through the tube) Surgery, blood transfusions, bleeding, venous fluids, cuts, sewn, sterilization, disinfection, genital urinary tract infections, kidney trauma, bladder injuries, burns, treatment and trauma..

Physiology:

In this course, the student studies the definition of physiology and physiology of blood - physiology of the heart and circulatory system - physiology of the respiratory system - total physiology - alkaline acid balance - respiratory acidosis. Metabolic acidosis. Metabolic metabolism.

Dental materials ( 2 ):

This course introduces the student to the basic concepts and qualities of the materials used in dental repair and reconstruction.

And all materials used in a doctor's office, such as compost, amalgam and adhesives

This course also creates an idea for the student about the ability to choose the appropriate material to complete the compensation in the right place

Anatomy of the head, neck, neuralgia and anatomy ( 3 ):

In this course, the student studies the study of cranial and cranial bones, facial bone, cranial joints, musculoskeletal muscles, and muscular muscles.

Throat, neck, nose, sinus, mouth, salivary glands, larynx, thyroid gland, blood vessels, lymphatic and cervical spine, cranial nerve extensions in the head, neck, brain, sinus, spinal cord and sensory pathways..

Therapeutic dentistry ( 1 ):

The students study in this course an introduction to conservative medicine, terminology, designations, drill details, parts, dental necrosis, practical assets for drilling, digging of the first class, digging of the second class, pins, drilling of the third category,

Cervical lesions and the sixth type

Therapeutic dentistry ( 2 ):

In this course, the student studies the history of remedial dentistry and the considerations related to rehabilitation dentistry, moisture control, saliva, lining and base materials, dental amalgam restoration, complex amalgam restoration, bonding systems for ivory, composite resin, ceramic fillings, gold impregnated adhesives,

Pathological anatomy of the mouth and teeth:

In this course, the student will study the anatomy of the various changes, disorders and diseases that afflict the oral cavity and its contours, and hence the link between the basic and clinical sciences.

At the end of the course, the student can perform a microscopic diagnosis of the various conditions of the oral cavity and surrounding areas, which will help to take appropriate treatment.

Fixed prosthodontics ( 3 ):

In this course, the student will study some theoretical cases of fixed compensation material with practical training for the case of back compensation for a patient in a clinical case and a crown compensation for a posterior age

Removable prosthodontics 3 R:

The course aims to introduce students to the serial stages in the manufacture of partial compensatory prostheses and to follow the different methods in their industry. The student decides to develop the correct diagnosis of the condition and follows the correct procedures in making the device from the oral and external examination of the patient and the initial and final edition, And then give the patient instructions to care for the device and maintain it so that the patient can perform all functions such as chewing, speech and pronunciation.

Anesthetic and tooth Extraction ( 1 ):

This course aims to introduce the students of the Faculty of Dentistry to the basic concepts of anesthesia and excretions

And know the medicines used to avoid their complications

In addition to knowledge of the anatomy of the oral cavity, nerves and blood vessels for the procedure of anesthesia and extraction of all teeth that need less pain possible and without any complications.

Periodontal Disease ( 1 ):

In this course, the student studies the classification of dental diseases around the teeth, the identification of various gingivitis and cirrhosis around the teeth, the diagnosis of gum disease, all the dentistry, gingival disorders, hormonal changes, their effect on dental diseases around the teeth, vitamin deficiency and its effect on the tissues around the teeth and gingival abscesses, Systemic disease associated with dental diseases around the teeth

Endodontics ( 1 ):

In this course, the student studies the descriptive anatomy of the root canal and the tools used in the core treatments, the basic principles in the preparation of the ducts, the preparation of the root canal, the inflammation of the pulp, the filling of the root canal, the purity, the mastication, the sterilization,

Endodontics ( 2 ):

In this course, the student will study the diagnosis and treatment plan for endodontics, ambulatory treatments in the treatment of endodontics, trauma and fractures in the treatment of endodontics, restoration of treated teeth, treatment of gangrene, treatment of young teeth, re-treatment of the pulp and surgical procedures in the treatment of endodontics, And problems of preparation and procedures and teeth whitening

Anesthetic and tooth extraction ( 2 ):

Students learn how to perform regional anesthesia from inside and outside the mouth.

And learn about the relationship of general diseases with dentistry and first aid, which needs a dentist.

Maxillofacial surgery:

The student will identify the clinical and radiological diagnosis methods of lesions and tumors of the mouth, face and jaw, the method of biopsy in tumor cases and the method of diagnosis

Oral surgery:

The student will learn about the tools used in the extraction, how they are used, the procedures and local anesthesia procedures, how to perform simple extraction procedures on the front and back teeth of both parties

And the ability to know local anesthesia Principles of extraction of dental isotope Principles of surgical extraction

And knowledge of complex dental extraction and tools used to know the origins of tooth extraction implanted to both jaws

Orthodontics and jaws:

The student studies in this course the growth and development during the embryonic stage and the postpartum growth of the child and forms the occlusion and development of the physiological basis of the dishes and the foundations of the theory of orthodontic diagnosis and the causes of malocclusion and disruption of the structure of tissue and the defect of the formal components of the jugular structure, diagnosis and diagnostic methods and the basics of orthodontic treatment and orthodontic movement and orthodontic devices and therapeutic principles of distortions Congenital and malignancy forms of the first class Causes, principles of processing, printing, cutting of examples, classification, basic Sunni harmony, introduction in mechanics, simple springs, multiplication, Sunni harmony, symmetry, dashes, vestibular arc, length and width of arcs, arc, radiology, expansion, dilators,

The student in this course studies the pathological changes in the human body from high pressure, obesity and smoking and its effect on the body equipment, heart disease, cyclical shock, shortness of breath, digestive system, disorders, kidney disease, kidney failure, blood function disorders, water balance, sodium,

Partial structural prosthodontics:

The course is concerned with the study of metal moving metal devices and some methods of sterilization and the tools used in making them and linking them with classifications for each medical condition and the steps of the crisis to complete the structural system laboratory and the awareness to be given to the disease in this case

Compensation of jaw and face:

In this course, the student studies lip, palate, calf, orthopedic, maxillofacial fractures, facial nerve paralysis, salivary gland surgery, healthy tumors, malignant tumors, temporal joint surgery, medications and bone augmentation in oral and maxillofacial surgery

Specialized English 1:

The course aims to train students to obtain the basic information that helps them to absorb students to the subjects taught in English with the study of the most important rules of syntax and the use of medical abbreviations common and identify the most important suffixes and bars used in the medical field and raise the efficiency of the student hearing and encourage to interact with the study of some texts Scientific research

General Pharmacology:

This course aims to introduce students to pharmacology and its applications, with a focus in this section on general pharmacology, neuropsychological drugs, neuropsychological drugs and their therapeutic uses. So that the student has the ability to understand the mechanisms of drug influence and therefore the application of these groups and therapeutic use of them with sufficient knowledge of their interactions with other drugs and their side effects

Pathology:

The course focuses on the physiological changes that occur due to internal and external stresses. It introduces the student to the pathological alterations that produce diseases and alterations that occur as a result of the disease processes. It also focuses on the body’s ability to compensate for those changes and cope with both physiological and environmental stresses

Specialized English 2:

The course aims at introducing the students to the systematic terminology of the students and the medical staff, explaining some medical terms that serve the student during the period of study, and identifying the types of medical terminology and its applications and the common medical terminology in hospitals and other health facilities

Forensic Dentistry:

The course is concerned with studying the oral cavity and teeth in particular and the effects of the teeth due to exposure to certain shocks and determine the causes of death and causes of injuries and time of death to search by studying the remaining teeth in the mouth of the deceased

Preventive Medicine and Community Dentistry:

The course aims at studying the fundamentals of preventive dentistry and some preventive methods and techniques to control plaque on the surface of the teeth. In the sub-gums area, the course covers the study of dental health education strategies and the study of techniques and methods of oral and dental care such as correct brushing of teeth and the use of dental threads. Study of control programs in the formation of bacterial plaque on teeth and the effects of diseases on the way to use preventive methods and techniques with a focus on the importance of fluoride use for dental health and the relationship of nutrition diseases oral and dental

Radiology and radiotherapy:

In this course, the student studies the importance of radiology in oral diagnosis, the biological effect of radiation, and the knowledge of intracranial imaging techniques

In this course, the student will study the treatment, use of padding, base fillings, cosmetic considerations in dental treatment, composite resins of composite resin, glass inomeric cement,

And the principles of the restoration of teeth with a wide destruction

Fixed prosthodontics ( cosmetic ):

The purpose of the course is to provide the students with the basics of the Sunni cosmetic science and the art of making the smile and the mutual relationship between the laboratory and the doctor in the work and equipment and tools necessary for work, both in laboratories or clinic

Modern techniques in dentistry:

The course aims to study the best and latest devices and software used in the field of science and dental medicine, methods of work and maintenance of these devices and materials used in the application of these techniques

Orthodontics and the principles of dishes:

Through this course, the student will recognize the development of the cranial face and the natural development of the tooth as well as the diagnostic methods and mobile devices and the fixed used in the treatment of orthodontic cases and see the installation of devices after treatment. The course includes an evaluation study of some cases of several categories of malabsorption

The course included the most important concepts about the principles of orthodontic movements and the concept of anchoring in the context of orthodontic treatment, the principles of orthodontic treatment, orthodontic devices and orthodontic planning. Preventive procedures in orthodontics, early orthodontic treatment and screening

Dentistry:

This course deals with the diagnosis of diseases of the elderly and methods of dealing with them and the study of dental tissues and prosthetic devices and appropriate for each of these cases

Removable prosthodontics 4 (Above Implants):

This course aims to introduce students to the stages of serialization in the manufacture of full compensatory devices and a clinical study of various medical conditions with their manufacture

( 2 ) Periodontal diseases:

In this course, the student will study reconstructive dentistry. And laser applications in dental treatments. Gum surgeries, oral care for dental implants, orthodontic dentistry, prosthetic dentistry, dental treatment, root-canal lesions, endotracheal lesions, dental and systemic diseases

Dental implants:

In this course, the student will study the introduction of dental implantology with an overview of the history of dental implants

In addition to the anatomical considerations in dental implants, indications, antibodies to implantation and bone fusion

Surgery for implants and loading above implants

Endodontics ( 3 ):

Giving the student the necessary information to deal with special cases. This course introduces students to the practical methods of endodontic treatment on all teeth to distinguish between the front and back teeth in terms of the number of roots and channels and methods of management.

And the ability to deal with the endodontics and perfusion fluids used in washing and the ability to conduct a proper diagnosis of the situation and the development of the appropriate treatment plan.

Endodontics ( 4 ):

This course introduces the student to the practical methods of endodontic treatment on all teeth to distinguish between the front and back teeth in terms of the number of roots and ducts and their methods of administration, and to give the student the ability to deal with the endodontics and perfusion fluids used in washing. .